1605: Thirty-Six Barrels of Gunpowder Beneath Parliament: the Plot That Gave England Guy Fawkes Day

Guy Fawkes was discovered around midnight with a lantern, matches and a fuse, guarding thirty-six barrels of gunpowder concealed beneath the House of Lords. The conspirators planned to kill King James I and much of England's political leadership in a single explosion, then seize the king's young daughter and establish a Catholic monarchy. An anonymous letter warning a nobleman to stay away from Parliament had prompted the search that exposed the plot.

Fawkes was arrested in the early hours of 5 November 1605 and initially refused to name his accomplices. Under torture, he eventually confessed, helping authorities uncover the wider conspiracy. Tried for treason, he was executed in January 1606. But the failed plot became an enduring English tradition, commemorated each fifth of November with bonfires and, later, effigies of Guy Fawkes.

Portraits of the gunpowder plot conspirators
Portraits of the gunpowder plot conspirators

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1999: Gunmen Storm the Armenian Parliament and Kill the Prime Minister on Live Television

Armed men burst into a session of the Armenian National Assembly and opened fire on the chamber, killing the country's prime minister, Vazgen Sargsyan, and the Speaker, Karen Demirchyan, along with six other officials. The attack unfolded in front of television cameras broadcasting the sitting live, and the gunmen later claimed they were staging a coup with the prime minister as their target.

Armenian troops surrounded the parliament building and began negotiations as the gunmen held hostages inside. After a tense standoff on this day in 1999, the attackers surrendered without further bloodshed, leaving the nation to reckon with the loss of its top two leaders in a single afternoon.

Bust of Vazgen Sargsyan in Shushi Artsakh Armenia | ID 229264273 © Kar881am | Dreamstime.com
ID 229264273 © Kar881am | Dreamstime.com

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2002: Gas Over Bullets: the Moscow Theatre Siege Ends in Mass Death

Chechen militants had held hundreds of hostages inside a Moscow theatre for three days, the audience and performers alike trapped with explosives wired around the building. Negotiations dragged on with no resolution in sight, and the gunmen threatened to start killing captives if Russian forces did not withdraw from Chechnya.

Before dawn on this day in 2002, Spetsnaz special forces pumped an unidentified narcotic gas through the ventilation system and stormed the building. The assault killed the militants, but the gas proved just as deadly to the people it was meant to save: roughly 130 hostages died, most from the effects of the chemical agent rather than gunfire, and Russian authorities refused for years to disclose exactly what it was.

Special forces operator in black uniform moving through smoke
Special forces operator in black uniform moving through smoke

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1989: The Confession That Was Buried for 12 Years: the Guildford Four Finally Freed

The Guildford Four were four young people wrongly convicted over a pub bombing campaign carried out by the IRA in Guildford, England, in 1974, and sentenced to life in prison after detectives extracted confessions during lengthy, uncharged interrogations. Three of the convicted were in their early twenties; the youngest was still a teenager.

Within a few years an IRA unit known as the Balcombe Street Gang admitted in custody that they, not the four, had carried out the attack, but the confession was dismissed and the convictions stood. It took more than a decade, and the discovery that police had secretly rewritten interview notes to match the statements used at trial, before the case collapsed. On 19 October 1989, after 15 years behind bars, the Guildford Four walked free.

Gerry Conlon, One of the Guildford Four, wrongly jailed for the Guildford pub bombings in Surrey, England, at a book launch in London on June 11, 1990. | ID 11134005 © David Fowler | Dreamstime.com
ID 11134005 © David Fowler | Dreamstime.com

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On This Day in True Crime History
1858·The Rope Broke, So They Hanged Him Again: Samuel Gibbs Executed in Melbourne for the Murder of His Wife
1858·He Named Four Innocent Men as the Killers: Hanged in Melbourne for a Ballarat Murder
1929·She Asked for a Kiss, Then Bled to Death: Frederick Carr Hanged in Adelaide for Murdering His Wife
1963·The Royal Commission That Cleared Brisbane Police, Then Unravelled as a Cover-up
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