1957: Marshal Zhukov Returns From a Foreign Trip to Find Himself Purged by Khrushchev

Georgi Zhukov was the Soviet Union's most celebrated soldier, the man who had accepted Germany's surrender and inspected the Moscow Victory Parade. That fame became his undoing. After Stalin's death, Zhukov helped Nikita Khrushchev secure power and was rewarded with the post of Defence Minister, but his popularity soon made him look like a rival rather than an ally.

In October 1957, while Zhukov was away on an official visit to Yugoslavia and Albania, the ground shifted beneath him. He flew back into Moscow on 26 October and was taken straight into a Presidium meeting, where he was removed from the body on the spot. Within days the Central Committee accused him of fostering his own personality cult and conducting unauthorised foreign dealings; he was expelled and forced into retirement at 61, never to hold high office again.

Photograph: Russian Ministry of Defence (Mil.ru), licensed under CC BY 4.0. Digitally colourised and enhanced.
Photograph: Russian Ministry of Defence (Mil.ru), licensed under CC BY 4.0. Digitally colourised and enhanced.

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1960: Francis Gary Powers Pleads Guilty at Moscow Spy Trial

On 17 August 1960, American pilot Francis Gary Powers stood trial in Moscow after his U-2 reconnaissance aircraft was shot down over Soviet airspace on 1 May 1960. Powers, flying a CIA surveillance mission, had been captured alive when his high-altitude spy plane was struck by a Soviet surface-to-air missile near Sverdlovsk.

Powers pleaded guilty to espionage charges before a Soviet military tribunal, in a trial that became a Cold War spectacle broadcast to the world. He was sentenced to ten years, serving nearly two before being exchanged for Soviet spy Rudolf Abel at the Glienicke Bridge in Berlin in February 1962.

Spy aerial view
Spy aerial view

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