1907: Baby Farmer Rhoda Willis Hanged on Her Birthday at Cardiff Prison

Rhoda Willis, also known as Leslie James, was a baby farmer convicted of murdering the illegitimate infant of Maud Treasure. She had undertaken to adopt and raise the child for six pounds, but the infant was found suffocated, wrapped in a parcel, in her bed at a Cardiff lodging house. Willis was sentenced to death at Glamorgan Assizes and executed by hanging at Cardiff Prison on 14 August 1907, carried out by brothers Henry and Thomas Pierrepoint. She was the only woman hanged in Wales in the 20th century and the last baby farmer to be executed in Britain.

Born in Sunderland in 1867, Willis was 40 years old on the day of her death. She had received a first-class education, spoke several languages, and had lived in Cardiff for years following the death of her husband. The night before her execution, she confessed to her solicitor that she had wilfully killed the baby on the train. She met her fate, according to witnesses, calmly and without incident.

In a letter written shortly before her execution, Willis expressed deep remorse, wrote that she had never before appreciated the singing of the birds or the beauty of sunshine as much as in her final days, and expressed confidence that God would pardon her sins.

Mrs. Grundy, an icon of Victorian respectability-Victorian baby farming era
Mrs. Grundy, an icon of Victorian respectability-Victorian baby farming era

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1895: Minnie Dean Hanged at Invercargill for the Murder of an Infant

Minnie Dean, a baby farmer operating out of The Larches cottage in Winton, New Zealand, was executed by hanging at Invercargill Gaol on 12 August 1895. Convicted of murdering infant Dorothy Edith Carter, she became the first and only woman ever hanged in New Zealand. Police had grown suspicious after discovering she had attempted to take out life insurance policies on children in her care. In May 1895, a railway guard reported she had boarded a train with a baby and a hatbox, departing with only the box. Three children’s bodies were later found buried in her garden, though investigators believed the true number of victims may have been far greater.

Born Williamina McCulloch in Scotland in 1844, Dean had emigrated to New Zealand and married Charles Dean in 1872. She took in unwanted infants for payment, a practice known as baby farming, at a time when illegitimate births carried severe social stigma. An 1891 inquest had found her premises inadequate but stopped short of criminal charges. Her arrest in 1895 ended a career that had taken in as many as nine children at a time under a veneer of respectability.

At the scaffold, Dean maintained her innocence to the last, stating: ‘I have nothing to say, except that I am innocent.’

Minnie Dean, photographed at the time of her marriage in 1872. | New Zealand Graphic, 20 July 1895, p. 63, via NZHistory.
New Zealand Graphic, 20 July 1895, p. 63, via NZHistory.

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